It also has strong genetic and family related risk factors. Gestational diabetes is a temporary condition that is diagnosed when higher than normal blood glucose levels first appear during pregnancy. Once the pregnancy is over and blood glucose levels return to normal, the diabetes disappears.
However, this insulin resistance increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in later life. A condition in which blood glucose levels are higher than normal, although not high enough to be diagnosed as type 2 diabetes. Pre-diabetes has no signs or symptoms. Without sustained lifestyle changes, including healthy eating, increased activity and losing weight, approximately one in three people with pre-diabetes will go on to develop type 2 diabetes and have a higher risk of developing cardiovascular heart and circulation disease.
Studies around the world show that following a low GI diet significantly helps people with diabetes improve their blood glucose levels and can reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med ; Lifestyle changes are important when managing your diabetes. Enjoying healthy foods and being active are the best first steps to implement change, however stopping smoking, getting enough sleep and eating mindfully will also help to manage blood glucose levels and body weight.
For a person with diabetes there is no need to prepare separate meals or buy special foods. All people with diabetes should see an Accredited Practising Dietitian in conjunction with their diabetes team for individualised advice. He also explained that my blood pressure was also affected by my weight. I had come to the point where my long-term health was in real jeopardy and I was the only one who could really change that.
My GP thoroughly endorsed the program and encouraged me, especially in the first few months. I carefully followed the high protein low GI recipes and made sure I weighed my food and stayed on track. My sugar levels are well within normal range now. I am not a great fan of fad diets, so I have concentrated on using GI to pick the best ingredients to lose and maintain weight.
I enjoy cooking, mostly along Mediterranean lines. Exercise is important in my life and I combine an hour of rowing every day with stretch and balance exercises. A review of 54 studies concluded that low GI diets reduced haemoglobin A1C a long-term marker of blood sugar control , body weight, and fasting blood sugar levels in people with prediabetes or diabetes 1. A low GI diet focuses on the quality of carbohydrates you eat. Good carbohydrates or low GI carbohydrates are more slowly digested helping keep your blood sugars stable, whereas bad carbohydrates cause your blood glucose levels to peak and crash.
The International Organization for Standardization. Food products - Determination of the glycaemic index GI and recommendation for food classification. Ludwig DS. The glycemic index: physiological mechanisms relating to obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Willett WC. Calculating meal glycemic index by using measured and published food values compared with directly measured meal glycemic index. A high-glycemic index, low-fiber breakfast affects the postprandial plasma glucose, insulin, and ghrelin responses of patients with type 2 diabetes in a randomized clinical trial.
J Nutr. Mastication effects on the glycaemic index: impact on variability and practical implications. Eur J Clin Nutr. The impact of eating methods on eating rate and glycemic response in healthy adults. Physiol Behav. Comparison of postprandial glycaemia in Asians and Caucasians. Diabet Med. The glycaemic index values of foods containing fructose are affected by metabolic differences between subjects. Low glycaemic index diets and blood lipids: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.
Glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of type 2 diabetes. Increased consumption of refined carbohydrates and the epidemic of type 2 diabetes in the United States: an ecologic assessment. Glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from 3 large US cohorts and an updated meta-analysis. Dietary glycemic index and glycemic load are associated with high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol at baseline but not with increased risk of diabetes in the Whitehall II study.
Dietary glycemic index and glycemic load and the risk of type 2 diabetes in older adults. Dietary glycemic index and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in middle-aged Japanese men. Dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, and digestible carbohydrate intake are not associated with risk of type 2 diabetes in eight European countries. Glycemic index and glycemic load and their association with C-reactive protein and incident type 2 diabetes.
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Meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Diabetes UK evidence-based nutrition guidelines for the prevention and management of diabetes. Evidence-based nutritional approaches to the treatment and prevention of diabetes mellitus. American Diabetes Association. Prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes. Glycemic load, glycemic index and risk of cardiovascular diseases: meta-analyses of prospective studies. Meta-analysis of dietary glycemic load and glycemic index in relation to risk of coronary heart disease.
Am J Cardiol. Dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and stroke mortality: a systematic review with meta-analysis. PLoS One. Associations of glycemic index and load with coronary heart disease events: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohorts. J Am Heart Assoc. A prospective study of dietary glycemic load, carbohydrate intake, and risk of coronary heart disease in US women.
High dietary glycemic load and glycemic index increase risk of cardiovascular disease among middle-aged women: a population-based follow-up study. J Am Coll Cardiol. Carbohydrate intake, glycemic index, glycemic load, and stroke: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Asia Pac J Public Health.
Relation of dietary glycemic load with ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke: a cohort study in Greece and a meta-analysis. Eur J Nutr. Effects of hypocaloric diets with different glycemic indexes on endothelial function and glycemic variability in overweight and in obese adult patients at increased cardiovascular risk.
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A Mediterranean-style, low-glycemic-load diet reduces the expression of 3-hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase in mononuclear cells and plasma insulin in women with metabolic syndrome.
Nutr Res. High glycemic index and glycemic load are associated with moderately increased cancer risk. Mol Nutr Food Res. Carbohydrates, glycemic index, glycemic load, and colorectal cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.
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Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. Dietary carbohydrates and glycaemic load and the incidence of symptomatic gall stone disease in men. Glycemic load, glycemic index, and carbohydrate intake in relation to risk of cholecystectomy in women. Effects comparison between low glycemic index diets and high glycemic index diets on HbA1c and fructosamine for patients with diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Prim Care Diabetes. New diabetes nutrition therapy recommendations: what you need to know. Diabetes Spectr. Nutrition therapy recommendations for the management of adults with diabetes. A randomized controlled trial investigating the effects of a low-glycemic index diet on pregnancy outcomes in gestational diabetes mellitus. These carbohydrates are composed of sugars such as fructose and glucose which have simple chemical structures composed of only one sugar monosaccharides or two sugars disaccharides.
Simple carbohydrates are easily and quickly utilized for energy by the body because of their simple chemical structure, often leading to a faster rise in blood sugar and insulin secretion from the pancreas — which can have negative health effects. These carbohydrates have more complex chemical structures, with three or more sugars linked together known as oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.
Many complex carbohydrate foods contain fiber, vitamins and minerals, and they take longer to digest — which means they have less of an immediate impact on blood sugar, causing it to rise more slowly. But other so called complex carbohydrate foods such as white bread and white potatoes contain mostly starch but little fiber or other beneficial nutrients.
Dividing carbohydrates into simple and complex, however, does not account for the effect of carbohydrates on blood sugar and chronic diseases. To explain how different kinds of carbohydrate-rich foods directly affect blood sugar, the glycemic index was developed and is considered a better way of categorizing carbohydrates, especially starchy foods.
The glycemic index ranks carbohydrates on a scale from 0 to based on how quickly and how much they raise blood sugar levels after eating. Foods with a high glycemic index, like white bread, are rapidly digested and cause substantial fluctuations in blood sugar. Foods with a low glycemic index, like whole oats, are digested more slowly, prompting a more gradual rise in blood sugar. Numerous epidemiologic studies have shown a positive association between higher dietary glycemic index and increased risk of type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease.
However, the relationship between glycemic index and body weight is less well studied and remains controversial. This measure is called the glycemic load.
In general, a glycemic load of 20 or more is high, 11 to 19 is medium, and 10 or under is low. The glycemic load has been used to study whether or not high-glycemic load diets are associated with increased risks for type 2 diabetes risk and cardiac events. In a large meta-analysis of 24 prospective cohort studies, researchers concluded that people who consumed lower-glycemic load diets were at a lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes than those who ate a diet of higher-glycemic load foods.
Here is a listing of low, medium, and high glycemic load foods. For good health, choose foods that have a low or medium glycemic load, and limit foods that have a high glycemic load. Whole grain, bran, and germ intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study and systematic review. PLoS Med. High dietary glycemic load and glycemic index increase risk of cardiovascular disease among middle-aged women: a population-based follow-up study. J Am Coll Cardiol. Low-carbohydrate-diet score and the risk of coronary heart disease in women.
N Engl J Med.
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