This can cause redness and soreness inflammation. In some cases it can also cause painful sores called peptic ulcers in your upper digestive tract. Many people have it. But it is a main cause of ulcers. The bacteria makes an enzyme called urease. This enzyme makes your stomach acids less acidic neutralizes them. Your stomach cells then have greater risk of being hurt by acid and pepsin, strong digestive fluids. That can lead to sores or ulcers in your stomach or duodenum.
The H. The area gets red and swollen inflamed. They believe the germs can be passed from person to person by mouth, such as by kissing. Your age. Over half the people in the U. Your race or ethnicity.
Almost half of all African Americans have the bacteria. For people who come to the U. You may have redness and swelling inflammation in your stomach lining. This is called gastritis. You may get sores or peptic ulcers in your stomach or the first part of your small intestine duodenum.
Ulcer symptoms may include belly or abdominal pain, which can:. Having an upset stomach or nausea. The symptoms of ulcers may look like other health problems. Always see your healthcare provider to be sure. Your healthcare provider will look at your past health and give you a physical exam. Furthermore, intrafamilial transmission should also be considered, screening all the parents of infected subjects 7. The aim of the present review is to focus on transmission routes and recurrence of infection of H.
The route of transmission of H. The only known reservoir is the human stomach 8 and since H. Person-to-person transmission can be subdivided in two main categories: vertical and horizontal transmission. The vertical mode is infection spread from ascendant to descendent within the same family, while horizontal transmission involves contact with individuals outside the family or environmental contamination 9.
Several studies in the literature focus on the relation between H. Most of them 10 , 11 support the concept of intrafamilial clustering of H. They suggest that person-to-person transmission occur in the same family possibly because of close interpersonal contacts, moreover, family members share a genetic predisposition to H. Instead, in developed countries with low H. In population with high H. The person-to-person transmission may occur by three possible pathways: the gastro-oral, the oral-oral and the fecal-oral routes, but no predominant mechanism of transmission has been yet identified.
The transmission route could be via gastric juice, especially as a result of vomiting in childhood Studies reported data about isolation percentage of H. These results support the gastro-oral transmission, especially during childhood, in association with poor hygienic conditions.
The saliva is another possible source of H. Based on these reports, the mouth might be a reservoir of H. The oral-oral transmission involves especially the mother-child transmission: the oral secretions of the mother, which may be contaminated with H. Negative arguments against the oral-oral transmission include the discordance of strains type between mother and child 16 , 17 , although this is controversial, as other reports demonstrate the presence of common strains infecting couples These data suggest that although saliva might work as a vehicle of transmission, the oral-oral transmission is not the main modality of transmission of H.
The exact way by which H. When hygienic conditions are poor, household contamination of treated water cannot be ruled out. Some authors hypothesize that water plays a role both as an environmental reservoir of infection and as a medium in the fecal-oral transmission of H.
It was demonstrated that children living in houses with an external water supply, or those consuming raw vegetables, which are often irrigated with untreated sewage water, had a higher prevalence of H.
The association of serum antibodies against H. As it happens with water, food products may also be contaminated while being handled under poor hygienic conditions. Several studies address the role of food in the transmission of H.
Food products analyzed are mainly milk, meat and vegetables. Among these milk products are the most studied, probably because the infection is mainly acquired during childhood and milk is mostly consumed during this period Recurrence of H. Recrudescence reflects the reappearance of the original strain of H. Instead, true reinfection occurs when, after successful eradication, a patient becomes infected with either the original strain or a new strain of H.
Many investigators have found that recurrence rates during the first months after cure are due to late recrudescence. A documented H. It seems that low-efficacy therapy does not actually cure H. Pylori reinfection after successful eradication is an important problem in the management of this disease. Recrudescence rather than reinfection is likely to be responsible for most recurrent cases because the recurrences decrease with time, declining sharply after the first year, and identified strains before and after therapy are usually genetically identical.
Intrafamilial transmission could be also involved in the reinfection of H. The reinfection rate after eradication therapy for H. The annual reinfection rates reported by Zendehdel et al. In contrast to the low rates of H. Therefore the high prevalence of H. The exact way H. Risk factors for H.
A peptic ulcer is a sore on the lining of your stomach, small intestine or esophagus. A peptic ulcer in the stomach is called a gastric ulcer. A duodenal ulcer is a peptic ulcer that develops in the first part of the small intestine duodenum. An esophageal ulcer occurs in the lower part of your esophagus. Complications associated with H. In areas of the world where H. Whether there is a benefit to testing for H. If you're concerned about H.
Together you can decide whether you may benefit from H. Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission.
Reviewed by: Jolanda M. Denham, MD. Gastroenterology at Nemours Children's Health. Larger text size Large text size Regular text size. What Are Helicobacter pylori? These germs are a common cause of digestive illnesses, including: gastritis: the irritation and inflammation of the stomach lining peptic ulcers often called stomach ulcers : sores in the lining of the stomach, small intestine, or esophagus later in life, stomach cancer Kids can get stomachaches for many reasons, like indigestion , viruses, stress and worry, and appendicitis.
In kids, symptoms of gastritis ga-STRYE-tis may include: nausea vomiting belly pain bloating In older kids and adults, the most common symptom of peptic ulcers is a lasting or burning belly pain, usually in the area below the ribs and above the navel. Peptic ulcers that bleed can cause: hematemesis hee-muh-TEM-uh-sis : bloody vomit or vomit that looks like coffee grounds melena muh-LEE-nuh : stool poop that's black, bloody, or looks like tar How Do People Get H.
How Are H. Doctors can: Look at the stomach lining. The patient is sedated before this procedure.
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